Influence of Surface Roughness and Particle Characteristics on Soil–Structure Interactions: A State-of-the-Art Review

The study of soil–structure interface behavior contributes to the fundamental understanding engineering performance and foundation design optimization. Previous research studies effect soil characteristics surface roughness property on soil–material mechanism via shear test. reviews utilizing past established laboratory more recent tests based state-of-the-art technologies reveal that significantly affects performances in interactions, especially peak strength development. A preliminary but original investigative by authors was also carried out using a sophisticated portable gauge define material properties order parametrically. Additionally, authors’ own findings as proof-of-concept innovation, particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology is applied digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera capture sequential images interactions custom-built transparent box, which validate well-established four-stage shearing model. envisaged machine learning, e.g., artificial neural network (ANN) Bayesian inference method, amongst others, well numerical modeling, discrete element method (DEM), have potential promote advances mechanisms, will assist developing greater complex interactions.